Sampling Techniques for Forest Resource Inventory
Author: Barry D Shirver
Clearly explains the sampling methods associated with the inventory of forest resources. It avoids extensive coverage of theoretical statistics and mathematics in favor of thorough coverage of forest inventory topics for the practitioner.
Booknews
A textbook for undergraduates and a reference for practicing professionals in forest resources. Explains principles and methods of inventorying virtually any forest resource, including timber, other vegetation, soils, water, and wildlife. Considers determining the needed sample size, handling edge-effect problems, and designing cruises to reduce sampling errors, optimizing the benefits of stratification, auxiliary variables, point sampling and point vs. plot comparison, and 3P sampling. Many of the methods have only been published in journals before. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
New interesting book: Strategic Organizational Diagnosis and Design or Fundamentals of Process Safety
Tourism Management
Author: David Weaver
Tourism Management, Third Edition, builds upon the strength of the previous editions by introducing students to the complexities of the tourism system. The third edition has been updated with recent industry and research developments and retains the thoroughness of content and application that had been established in the previous editions. A theme of this edition is looking at the challenges of tourism in a time of regional and international uncertainties and complexities as a consequence of terrorism and security threats, health issues such as SARS, natural events like the Boxing Day Tsunami and the changing geo-political landscape.
Table of Contents:
Preface xiAcknowledgements xiii
Introduction to tourism management 1
Introduction 2
The phenomenon of tourism 2
Definition of tourism 3
The importance of tourism 3
Tourism as an academic field of study 4
Obstacles to development 4
Indications of development 8
A sequence of tourism platforms 12
Universities and community colleges 14
Characteristics, outline and structure 15
Characteristics 15
Chapter outline 16
Chapter structure 17
Chapter review 18
Summary of key terms 18
Questions 20
Exercises 20
Further reading 21
The tourism system 22
Introduction 23
A systems approach to tourism 23
The basic whole tourism system 23
The tourist 26
Spatial component 26
Temporal component 28
Travel purpose 29
Major tourist categories 34
Data problems 37
Origin region 38
Origin community 38
Origin government 39
Transit region 40
Management implications of transit regions 41
Effects of technology 41
Destination region 43
Destination communities 45
Destination governments 46
The tourism industry 46
Chapter review 48
Summary of key terms 48
Questions 50
Exercises 51
Further reading 51
Case study 53
The evolution and growth of tourism 55
Introduction 56
Premodern tourism 56
Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus Valley 56
Ancient Greece and Rome 57
The Dark Ages and Middle Ages 59
Early modern tourism (1500-1950) 61
The Grand Tour 61
Spa resorts 62
Seaside resorts 62
Thomas Cook 65
The post-Cook period (1880-1950) 66
Contemporary tourism (1950 onwards) 67
The world's biggest industry? 67
Factors associated with increased tourism demand 69
Economic factors 69
Social factors 72
Demographic factors 75
Technological factors 79
Political factors 81
Australian tourism participation 81
Future growth prospects 83
Chapter review 84
Summary of key terms 85
Questions 87
Exercises 88
Further reading 88
Case study 89
Destinations 91
Introduction 92
Global destination patterns: MDCs and LDCs 92
Tourism market share and growth 93
Reasons for the emergence of the LDCs as destinations 93
Pull factors influencing a destination 97
Geographical proximity to markets 97
Accessibility to markets 98
Availability of attractions 100
Cultural links 101
Availability of services 102
Affordability 102
Peace, stability and safety 103
Positive market image 105
Pro-tourism policies 106
Regional destination patterns 107
Europe 107
The Americas 110
Asia-Pacific 111
Africa 113
The Middle East 113
Australia 114
Internal destination patterns 117
The Australian pattern 119
Chapter review 121
Summary of key terms 122
Questions 123
Exercises 124
Further reading 124
Case study 125
The tourism product 128
Introduction 129
Tourist attractions 129
Natural sites 130
Natural events 136
Cultural sites 137
Cultural events 144
Attraction attributes 146
The tourism industry 151
Travel agencies 151
Transportation 152
Accommodation 155
Tour operators 157
Merchandise 158
Industry structure 160
Chapter review 162
Summary of key terms 162
Questions 165
Exercises 165
Further reading 166
Case study 167
Tourist markets 170
Introduction 171
Tourist market trends 171
The democratisation of travel 171
The emergence of simple market segmentation and multilevel segmentation 171
Niche markets and 'markets of one' 172
The destination selection process 173
Multiple decision makers 175
Tourist market segmentation 175
Geographic segmentation 176
Sociodemographic segmentation 177
Psychographic segmentation 185
Behavioural segmentation 189
Chapter review 195
Summary of key terms 195
Questions 197
Exercises 197
Further reading 198
Case study 199
Tourism marketing 202
Introduction 203
The nature of marketing 203
Definition of marketing 203
Services marketing 204
Intangibility 204
Inseparability 205
Variability 206
Perishability 207
Managing supply and demand 207
Daily variations in demand 208
Weekly variations in demand 209
Seasonal variations in demand 209
Long-term variations in demand 210
Supply/demand matching strategies 210
Market failure 214
Government tourism organisations 214
Strategic tourism marketing 216
SWOT analysis and objectives 217
Objectives 218
Control/evaluation 219
Marketing mix 219
Place 219
Product 220
People 220
Price 222
Packaging 223
Programming 223
Promotion 223
Partnerships 228
Chapter review 230
Summary of key terms 230
Questions 232
Exercises 233
Further reading 233
Case study 235
Economic impacts of tourism 238
Introduction 239
Economic benefits 239
Direct revenue 239
Indirect revenue 245
Economic integration and diversification 247
Employment (direct and indirect) 247
Regional development 248
Formal and informal sectors 250
Economic costs 251
Direct financial costs 252
Indirect financial costs 253
Fluctuations in intake 256
Competition with other sectors 260
Employment problems 261
Chapter review 263
Summary of key terms 264
Questions 265
Exercises 266
Further reading 267
Case study 268
Sociocultural and environmental impacts of tourism 271
Introduction 272
Sociocultural benefits 272
Promotion of cross-cultural understanding 272
Incentive to preserve culture and heritage 275
Promoting social wellbeing and stability 275
Sociocultural costs 276
Commodification 276
The demonstration effect revisited 280
The relationship between tourism and crime 281
Factors contributing to the increased likelihood of sociocultural costs 283
The irridex 287
Environmental benefits 288
Environmental costs 289
Environmental impact sequence 289
'Permanent' environmental restructuring 290
Generation of waste residuals 292
Tourist activities 293
Indirect and induced activities 294
Management implications of sociocultural and environmental impacts 296
Chapter review 298
Summary of key terms 299
Questions 300
Exercises 301
Further reading 301
Case study 303
Destination development 305
Introduction 306
Destination lifecycle 306
The Butler sequence 307
Critique of the Butler sequence 317
Factors that change the destination lifecycle 323
Internal-intentional actions 324
External-unintentional actions 324
Internal-unintentional actions 324
External-intentional actions 324
National tourism development 326
Spatial diffusion 326
Effects of hierarchical diffusion 327
Effects of contagious diffusion 327
Model of national tourism development 328
Chapter review 330
Summary of key terms 330
Questions 332
Exercises 332
Further reading 333
Case study 334
Sustainable tourism 337
Introduction 338
A paradigm shift? 338
Dominant Western environmental paradigm 339
Contradictions in the dominant Western environmental paradigm 340
Towards a green paradigm? 341
Sustainable tourism 343
Indicators 343
Sustainability and mass tourism 345
Reasons for adoption 346
Practices 349
Quality control 350
Sustainability and small-scale tourism 354
Alternative tourism 354
Manifestations 356
Critique of alternative tourism 357
Ecotourism 359
Soft and hard ecotourism 359
Magnitude 361
Location 362
Destination sustainability 364
Extending the Butler sequence 365
Chapter review 368
Summary of key terms 369
Questions 371
Exercises 372
Further reading 372
Case study 374
Tourism research 377
Introduction 378
Types of research 378
Basic research 378
Applied research 381
Cross-sectional research 382
Longitudinal research 383
Qualitative research 383
Quantitative research 384
Primary research 385
Secondary research 391
The research process 394
Problem recognition 395
Question formulation 395
Identification of research methodology or methods 397
Data collection 399
Data analysis 399
Data presentation 400
Data interpretation 400
Chapter review 402
Summary of key terms 402
Questions 404
Exercises 405
Further reading 405
Case study 407
Selected international and Australian tourism organisations 411
Refereed English language tourism journals (2005) 413
Inbound and outbound tourism data 416
References 425
Glossary 460
Index 477
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