Sunday, December 28, 2008

Sampling Techniques for Forest Resource Inventory or Tourism Management

Sampling Techniques for Forest Resource Inventory

Author: Barry D Shirver

Clearly explains the sampling methods associated with the inventory of forest resources. It avoids extensive coverage of theoretical statistics and mathematics in favor of thorough coverage of forest inventory topics for the practitioner.

Booknews

A textbook for undergraduates and a reference for practicing professionals in forest resources. Explains principles and methods of inventorying virtually any forest resource, including timber, other vegetation, soils, water, and wildlife. Considers determining the needed sample size, handling edge-effect problems, and designing cruises to reduce sampling errors, optimizing the benefits of stratification, auxiliary variables, point sampling and point vs. plot comparison, and 3P sampling. Many of the methods have only been published in journals before. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)



New interesting book: Strategic Organizational Diagnosis and Design or Fundamentals of Process Safety

Tourism Management

Author: David Weaver

Tourism Management, Third Edition, builds upon the strength of the previous editions by introducing students to the complexities of the tourism system. The third edition has been updated with recent industry and research developments and retains the thoroughness of content and application that had been established in the previous editions. A theme of this edition is looking at the challenges of tourism in a time of regional and international uncertainties and complexities as a consequence of terrorism and security threats, health issues such as SARS, natural events like the Boxing Day Tsunami and the changing geo-political landscape.



Table of Contents:
Preface     xi
Acknowledgements     xiii
Introduction to tourism management     1
Introduction     2
The phenomenon of tourism     2
Definition of tourism     3
The importance of tourism     3
Tourism as an academic field of study     4
Obstacles to development     4
Indications of development     8
A sequence of tourism platforms     12
Universities and community colleges     14
Characteristics, outline and structure     15
Characteristics     15
Chapter outline     16
Chapter structure     17
Chapter review     18
Summary of key terms     18
Questions     20
Exercises     20
Further reading     21
The tourism system     22
Introduction     23
A systems approach to tourism     23
The basic whole tourism system     23
The tourist     26
Spatial component     26
Temporal component     28
Travel purpose     29
Major tourist categories     34
Data problems     37
Origin region     38
Origin community     38
Origin government     39
Transit region     40
Management implications of transit regions     41
Effects of technology     41
Destination region     43
Destination communities     45
Destination governments     46
The tourism industry     46
Chapter review     48
Summary of key terms     48
Questions     50
Exercises     51
Further reading     51
Case study     53
The evolution and growth of tourism     55
Introduction     56
Premodern tourism     56
Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus Valley     56
Ancient Greece and Rome     57
The Dark Ages and Middle Ages     59
Early modern tourism (1500-1950)     61
The Grand Tour     61
Spa resorts     62
Seaside resorts     62
Thomas Cook     65
The post-Cook period (1880-1950)     66
Contemporary tourism (1950 onwards)     67
The world's biggest industry?      67
Factors associated with increased tourism demand     69
Economic factors     69
Social factors     72
Demographic factors     75
Technological factors     79
Political factors     81
Australian tourism participation     81
Future growth prospects     83
Chapter review     84
Summary of key terms     85
Questions     87
Exercises     88
Further reading     88
Case study     89
Destinations     91
Introduction     92
Global destination patterns: MDCs and LDCs     92
Tourism market share and growth     93
Reasons for the emergence of the LDCs as destinations     93
Pull factors influencing a destination     97
Geographical proximity to markets     97
Accessibility to markets     98
Availability of attractions     100
Cultural links     101
Availability of services     102
Affordability     102
Peace, stability and safety     103
Positive market image     105
Pro-tourism policies     106
Regional destination patterns     107
Europe     107
The Americas     110
Asia-Pacific     111
Africa     113
The Middle East     113
Australia     114
Internal destination patterns     117
The Australian pattern     119
Chapter review     121
Summary of key terms     122
Questions     123
Exercises     124
Further reading     124
Case study     125
The tourism product     128
Introduction     129
Tourist attractions     129
Natural sites     130
Natural events     136
Cultural sites     137
Cultural events     144
Attraction attributes     146
The tourism industry     151
Travel agencies     151
Transportation     152
Accommodation     155
Tour operators     157
Merchandise     158
Industry structure     160
Chapter review     162
Summary of key terms     162
Questions     165
Exercises      165
Further reading     166
Case study     167
Tourist markets     170
Introduction     171
Tourist market trends     171
The democratisation of travel     171
The emergence of simple market segmentation and multilevel segmentation     171
Niche markets and 'markets of one'     172
The destination selection process     173
Multiple decision makers     175
Tourist market segmentation     175
Geographic segmentation     176
Sociodemographic segmentation     177
Psychographic segmentation     185
Behavioural segmentation     189
Chapter review     195
Summary of key terms     195
Questions     197
Exercises     197
Further reading     198
Case study     199
Tourism marketing     202
Introduction     203
The nature of marketing     203
Definition of marketing     203
Services marketing     204
Intangibility     204
Inseparability     205
Variability     206
Perishability      207
Managing supply and demand     207
Daily variations in demand     208
Weekly variations in demand     209
Seasonal variations in demand     209
Long-term variations in demand     210
Supply/demand matching strategies     210
Market failure     214
Government tourism organisations     214
Strategic tourism marketing     216
SWOT analysis and objectives     217
Objectives     218
Control/evaluation     219
Marketing mix     219
Place     219
Product     220
People     220
Price     222
Packaging     223
Programming     223
Promotion     223
Partnerships     228
Chapter review     230
Summary of key terms     230
Questions     232
Exercises     233
Further reading     233
Case study     235
Economic impacts of tourism     238
Introduction     239
Economic benefits     239
Direct revenue     239
Indirect revenue      245
Economic integration and diversification     247
Employment (direct and indirect)     247
Regional development     248
Formal and informal sectors     250
Economic costs     251
Direct financial costs     252
Indirect financial costs     253
Fluctuations in intake     256
Competition with other sectors     260
Employment problems     261
Chapter review     263
Summary of key terms     264
Questions     265
Exercises     266
Further reading     267
Case study     268
Sociocultural and environmental impacts of tourism     271
Introduction     272
Sociocultural benefits     272
Promotion of cross-cultural understanding     272
Incentive to preserve culture and heritage     275
Promoting social wellbeing and stability     275
Sociocultural costs     276
Commodification     276
The demonstration effect revisited     280
The relationship between tourism and crime     281
Factors contributing to the increased likelihood of sociocultural costs      283
The irridex     287
Environmental benefits     288
Environmental costs     289
Environmental impact sequence     289
'Permanent' environmental restructuring     290
Generation of waste residuals     292
Tourist activities     293
Indirect and induced activities     294
Management implications of sociocultural and environmental impacts     296
Chapter review     298
Summary of key terms     299
Questions     300
Exercises     301
Further reading     301
Case study     303
Destination development     305
Introduction     306
Destination lifecycle     306
The Butler sequence     307
Critique of the Butler sequence     317
Factors that change the destination lifecycle     323
Internal-intentional actions     324
External-unintentional actions     324
Internal-unintentional actions     324
External-intentional actions     324
National tourism development     326
Spatial diffusion     326
Effects of hierarchical diffusion      327
Effects of contagious diffusion     327
Model of national tourism development     328
Chapter review     330
Summary of key terms     330
Questions     332
Exercises     332
Further reading     333
Case study     334
Sustainable tourism     337
Introduction     338
A paradigm shift?     338
Dominant Western environmental paradigm     339
Contradictions in the dominant Western environmental paradigm     340
Towards a green paradigm?     341
Sustainable tourism     343
Indicators     343
Sustainability and mass tourism     345
Reasons for adoption     346
Practices     349
Quality control     350
Sustainability and small-scale tourism     354
Alternative tourism     354
Manifestations     356
Critique of alternative tourism     357
Ecotourism     359
Soft and hard ecotourism     359
Magnitude     361
Location     362
Destination sustainability     364
Extending the Butler sequence      365
Chapter review     368
Summary of key terms     369
Questions     371
Exercises     372
Further reading     372
Case study     374
Tourism research     377
Introduction     378
Types of research     378
Basic research     378
Applied research     381
Cross-sectional research     382
Longitudinal research     383
Qualitative research     383
Quantitative research     384
Primary research     385
Secondary research     391
The research process     394
Problem recognition     395
Question formulation     395
Identification of research methodology or methods     397
Data collection     399
Data analysis     399
Data presentation     400
Data interpretation     400
Chapter review     402
Summary of key terms     402
Questions     404
Exercises     405
Further reading     405
Case study     407
Selected international and Australian tourism organisations     411
Refereed English language tourism journals (2005)     413
Inbound and outbound tourism data     416
References     425
Glossary     460
Index     477

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