Public Speaking Handbook
Author: Susan J Beeb
Public Speaking Handbook, 2nd edition
Steven A. Beebe, Texas State University - San Marcos
Susan J. Beebe, Texas State University - San Marcos
Adapted from the authors' top-selling public speaking text, Public Speaking Handbook, Second Edition, provides a unique, audience-centered approach in a student-friendly reference format, allowing students to access information quickly and easily.
Public Speaking Handbook brings theory and practice together in an understandable and applicable manner. Its distinctive and popular approach emphasizes the importance of analyzing and considering the audience at every point along the way. This model of public speaking serves as a foundation as the text guides students through the step-by-step process of public speaking, focusing their attention on the importance and dynamics of diverse audiences, and narrowing the gap between the classroom and the real world.
New to the Second Edition
A boxed feature called “How To” provides step-by-step instructions for completing the steps in the speech preparation process.
Updated examples and new research applications to public speaking in every chapter.
New sample speeches, both at the ends of selected chapters and in Appendix D
Integrated examples of developing a speech step-by-step.
More emphasis on rhetorical analysis in Chapter 5 to help students developtheir critical thinking skills.
Expanded discussion of using humor in Chapter 21, Special-Occasion Speaking.
New tips and techniques to help students achieve their speaking goals by editing out superfluous and unnecessary elements.
TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGE
MySpeechLab is a state-of-the-art, interactive and instructive solution for introductory public speaking. Designed to be used as a supplement to a traditional lecture course, or to completely administer an online course, MySpeechLab combines an E-book, multimedia, video clips, speech preparation activities, research support, tests and quizzes to completely engage students. (See Valuepack listings for package ISBNs.)
About the Authors
Steve A. Beebe and Susan J. Beebe have authored several best-selling communication texts, including their widely used public speaking text. Praised for their accessible content, student-friendly writing style, and audience-centered focus, these experienced authors help make Public Speaking Handbook the best of its kind available today.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1 Introduction to Public Speaking1.a Why Study Public Speaking?
Empowerment
Employment
1.b Public Speaking and Conversation
Public Speaking Is Planned
Public Speaking Is Formal
The Roles of Public Speakers and Audiences are Clearly Defined
1.c The Communication Process
Communication as Action
Source
Message
Channels
Receiver
Noise
Communication as Interaction
Feedback
Context
Communication as Transaction
Quick Check: Understand the Communication Process
1.d The Rich Heritage of Public Speaking
Quick Check: The Rich Heritage of Public Speaking
1.e Public Speaking and Diversity
Diverse Audiences: A Coherent Framework
Diverse Audiences: A Unifying Principle
Chapter 2 Speaking with Confidence
2.a Understand Your Nervousness
What Makes People Nervous when Speaking in Public?
When are You Most Likely to Feel Nervous About Giving a Speech?
Does Your Style of Communication Apprehension Make a Difference?
You Are Going To Feel More Nervous Than You Look
Almost Every Speaker Experiences Some Degree of Nervousness
Anxiety Can Be Useful
2.b Build Your Confidence
Don’t Procrastinate in Preparing Your Speech
Know Your Audience
Select an Appropriate Topic
Be Prepared
Develop and Deliver a Well-Organized Speech
Know Your Introduction and Your Conclusion
Re-Create the Speech Environment When You Practice
Use Deep-Breathing Techniques
Channel Your Nervous Energy
How to Channel Your Nervous Energy
Visualize Your Success
Give Yourself a Mental Pep Talk
Focus on Your Message Rather Than Your Fear
Look for Positive Listener Support for Your Message
Seek Speaking Opportunities
After Your Speech, Focus on Your Accomplishment, Not Your Anxiety
Quick Check: Build Your Confidence
Chapter 3 The Audience-Centered Speechmaking Process
3.a An Audience-Centered Speechmaking Model
3.b Consider Your Audience
3.c Select and Narrow Your Topic
Who Is the Audience?
What Is the Occasion?
What Are My Interests, Talents, and Experiences?
3.d Determine Your Purpose
3.e Develop Your Central Idea
3.f Generate the Main Ideas
Does the Central Idea Have Logical Divisions?
Can You Think of Several Reasons Why the Central Idea Is True?
Can You Support the Central Idea with a Series of Steps?
3.g Gather Verbal and Visual Supporting Material
Criteria for Choosing Verbal Supporting Material
3.h Organize Your Speech
Divide Your Speech
Outline Your Speech
Consider Presentation Aids
3.i Rehearse Your Speech
Rehearse Your Speech Aloud
Practice Making Eye Contact
Make Decisions about the Style of Your Speech
3.j Deliver Your Speech
How to Prepare for a Speech
Chapter 4 Ethics and Free Speech
4.a Ethics
4.b Free Speech
4.c Speaking Freely
In the Twentieth Century
In Recent History
Quick Check: History of Free Speech in the United States
4.d Speaking Ethically
Have a Clear, Responsible Goal
Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning
Be Sensitive To and Tolerant of Differences
Be Honest
Avoid Plagiarism
Do Your Own Work
Acknowledge Your Sources
Take Careful Notes
Cite Sources Correctly
Quick Check: The Ethical Public Speaker
4.e Listening Ethically
Communicate Your Expectations and Feedback
Be Sensitive To and Tolerant of Differences
Listen Critically
Quick Check: The Ethical Listener
Chapter 5 Listening to Speeches
5.a Barriers to Effective Listening
Select
Attend
Understand
Remember
Information Overload
How to Prevent Information Overload
Personal Concerns
Outside Distractions
How to Minimize Distractions
Prejudice
How to Counteract Prejudice
Differences Between Speech Rate and Thought Rate
Receiver Apprehension
How to Overcome Receiver Apprehension
5.b Becoming a Better Listener
Adapt to the Speaker’s Delivery
Listen With Your Eyes as Well as Your Ears
Monitor Your Emotional Reaction to a Message
Avoid Jumping to Conclusions
Be a Selfish Listener
Listen for Major Ideas
Identify Your Listening Goal
Listening for Pleasure
Listening to Empathize
Listening to Evaluate
Listening for Information
Practice Listening
Understand Your Listening Style
People-Oriented Listeners
Gathering Information Informally
Gathering Information Formally
Analyze Information About Your Audience
Adapt To Your Audience
6.c Analyzing Your Audience Before You Speak
Demographic Audience Analysis
Age
Gender
Avoid Gender Stereotypes
Avoid Sexist Language
Be Inclusive
Avoid Making Assumptions about Gender
Sexual Orientation
Culture, Ethnicity, and Race
Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures
High-Context and Low-Context Cultures
Tolerance of Uncertainty and Need For Certainty
High-Power and Low-Power Cultures
Quick Check: Describing Cultural Differences
Group Membership
Religious Groups
Political Groups
Work Groups
Social Groups
Service Groups
Socioeconomic Status
Income
Occupation
and Adapting to Your Audience as You Speak
Strategies for Customizing Your Message to Your Audience
Appropriately Use Audience Members’ Names
Refer to the Town, City, or Community
Refer to a Significant Event that Happened on the Date of Your Speech
Refer to a Recent News Event
Refer to a Group or Organization
Relate Information Directly to Your Listeners
6.e Analyzing Your Audience after You Speak
Nonverbal Responses
Verbal Responses
Survey Responses
Behavioral Responses
Chapter 7 Developing Your Speech
7.a Select and Narrow Your Topic
Guidelines For Selecting A Topic
Consider the Audience
Consider the Occasion
Consider Yourself
Strategies for Selecting a Topic
Brainstorming
How to Brainstorm for a Topic
Listening and Reading for Topic Ideas
Scanning Web Directories
Narrowing the Topic
Create Categories
Find the Right Level
7.b Determine Your Purpose
General Purpose
Speaking to Inform
Speaking to Persuade
Speaking to Entertain
Specific Purpose
Identify a Behavioral Objective
Formulate the Specific Purpose
Quick Check: Specific Purposes for Speeches
Use the Specific Purpose
7.c Develop Your Central Idea
A Complete Declarative Sentence
Direct, Specific Language
A Single Idea
An Audience-Centered Idea
Quick Check: Purpose Statement versus Central Idea
7.d Generate and Preview Your Main Ideas
Generating Your Main Ideas
Finding Logical Divisions
Establishing Reasons
Tracing Specific Steps
Previewing Your Main Ideas
7.e Meanwhile, Back at the Computer . . .
Chapter 8 Gathering Supporting Material
8.a Personal Knowledge and Experience
8.b The Internet
The World Wide Web
Directories and Search Engines
Browsing Broad Categories
Using Key Words
Doing Advanced Searches
How To Do an Advanced Search
Evaluating Web Resources
Accountability
Accuracy
Objectivity
Date
Usability
Diversity
8.c Library Resources
Books
Stacks
Card Catalog
Periodicals
Full-Text Databases
Newspapers
Back Issues
Indexes
Reference Resources
Government Documents
Special Services
Quick Check: Supporting Materials in the Resources
8.d Interviews
Determining the Purpose of the Interview
Setting Up the Interview
Planning the Interview
Gather Background Information
Plan Specific Questions
Plan a Sequence of Questions
Plan a Recording Strategy
Conducting the Interview
On Your Mark...
Get Set...
Go!
Following Up the Interview
8.e Resources from Special-Interest Groups and Organizations
8.f Research Strategies
Develop a Preliminary Bibliography
Keep Track of Resources
Use a Consistent Format
How to Document an Electronic Resource in MLA Format
Choose an Appropriate Number
Evaluate the Usefulness of Resources
Take Notes
Start with the Most Useful Resources
Create a Record of Resource Notes
Use a Notebook, Disk, or Note Cards
Write One Idea per Card or Page
Indicate the Source
Summarize the Idea
Identify Possible Presentation Aids
Quick Check: Research Strategies
Chapter 9 Supporting Your Speech
9.a Illustrations
Brief Illustrations
Extended Illustrations
Hypothetical Illustrations
Using Illustrations Effectively
Be Sure Your Illustrations Are Relevant To What They Are Supposed To Support
Choose Illustrations That Represent a Trend
Make Your Illustrations Vivid and Specific
Use Illustrations with Which Your Listeners Can Identify
Remember That the Best Illustrations Are Personal Ones
Quick Check: Choose the Right Illustrations
9.b Descriptions and Explanations
Describing
Explaining How
Explaining Why
Using Descriptions and Explanations Effectively
Keep Your Descriptions and Explanations Brief
Use Language That Is as Specific and Concrete as Possible
Avoid Too Much Description and Explanation
9.c Definitions
Definitions By Classification
Operational Definitions
Using Definitions Effectively
Use a Definition Only When Needed
Be Certain That Your Definition Is Understandable
Be Certain That Your Definition and Your Use of a Term Are Consistent Throughout a Speech
9.d Analogies
Literal Analogies
Figurative Analogies
Using Analogies Effectively
Be Sure That the Two Things You Compare in a Literal Analogy Are Very Similar
Be Sure That the Essential Similarity Between the Two Objects of a Figurative Analogy Is Readily Apparent
9.e Statistics
Using Statistics as Support
Using Statistics Effectively
Use Reliable Sources
Reputable
Authoritative
Unbiased
Interpret Statistics Accurately
Make Your Statistics Understandable and Memorable
Compacting statistics
Exploding statistics
Comparing statistics
Round Off Numbers
Use Visual Aids to Present Your Statistics
Quick Check: Select Effective Statistics
9.f Opinions
Expert Testimony
Lay Testimony
Literary Quotations
Using Opinions Effectively
Be Certain That Any Authority You Cite Is an Expert on the Subject
Identify Your Sources
Cite Unbiased Authorities
Cite Opinions That Are Representative of Prevailing Opinion
Quote Your Sources Accurately
Use Literary Quotations Sparingly
Quick Check: Types of Supporting Material
9.g Selecting the Best Supporting Material
How to Decide the Best Supporting Material
Chapter 10 Organizing Your Speech
10.a Organizing Your Main Ideas
Ordering Ideas Chronologically
Forward in Time
Backward in Time
How-To Explanations
Organizing Ideas Topically
Personal Preference
Recency
Primacy
Complexity
Arranging Ideas Spatially
Location and Direction
Organizing Ideas To Show Cause And Effect
Cause—Effect
Effect—Cause
Organizing Ideas By Problem And Solution
Problem—Solution
Solution—Problem
Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Organization
Quick Check: Organize Main Ideas
10.b Subdividing Your Main Ideas
10.c Integrating Your Supporting Material
Word-Processing Files
Note Cards
Photocopies
Smooth Incorporation of Support Material
Quick Check: Integrate Supporting Material
10.d Organizing Your Supporting Material
Primacy Or Recency
Specificity
Complexity
Soft To Hard Evidence
Quick Check: Organizing Your Supporting Material
10.e Developing Signposts
Transitions
Verbal Transitions
Avoid Signaling the End of the Speech
Quick Check: Verbal Transitions
Nonverbal Transitions
Previews
Initial Previews
Internal Previews
Questions as Internal Previews
Summaries
Final Summary
Internal Summary
Quick Check: Types of Signposts
10.f Supplementing Signposts with Presentation Aids
Chapter 11 Introducing Your Speech
11.a Purposes of Introductions
Get the Audience’s Attention
Introduce the Subject
Give the Audience a Reason to Listen
Establish Your Credibility
Preview Your Main Ideas
Quick Check: Purposes of Your Introduction
Quick Check: Does Your Introduction Accomplish Its Purpose?
11.b Effective Introductions
Illustrations or Anecdotes
Startling Facts or Statistics
Quotations
Humor
Subtle Humor
Humor and Diversity
Questions
Delivery
Audience Response
Questions with Other Methods
References to Historical Events
References to Recent Events
Personal References
References to the Occasion
References to Preceding Speeches
How to Develop an Effective Introduction
Chapter 12 Concluding Your Speech
12.a Purposes of Conclusions
Summarize the Speech
Reemphasize the Central Idea in a Memorable Way
Motivate the Audience to Respond
Provide Closure
Quick Check: Purposes of Your Speech Conclusion
12.b Effective Conclusions
References to the Introduction
Inspirational Appeals or Challenges
Appeals to Action
How to Develop an Effective Conclusion
Chapter 13 Outlining and Editing Your Speech
13.a Developing a Preparation Outline
The Preparation Outline
Write Your Preparation Outline in Complete Sentences
Use Standard Outline Form
Use Standard Outline Numbering
Use at Least Two Subdivisions, If Any, for Each Point
Indent Main Ideas, Points, Subpoints, and Supporting Material Properly
Write and Label Your Specific Purpose at the Top of Your Preparation Outline
Add the Blueprint, Key Signposts, and an Introduction and Conclusion to Your Outline
Quick Check: Summary of Correct Outline Form
Sample Preparation Outline
13.b Editing Your Speech
Review Your Specific Purpose
Consider Your Audience
Simply Say It
How to Avoid Long Phrases
Keep Only the Best Supporting Material
Ask a Listener to Help You Cut
Look at Your Introduction and Conclusion
13.c Developing Your Delivery Outline and Speaking Notes
The Delivery Outline
Sample Delivery Outline
Speaking Notes
Chapter 14 Using Words Well: Speaker Language and Style
14.a Oral versus Written Language Style
Oral Style Is More Personal Than Written Style
Oral Style Is Less Formal Than Written Style
Oral Style Is More Repetitive Than Written Style
Quick Check: Oral versus Written Style
14.b Using Words Effectively
Use Specific, Concrete Words
Use Simple Words
Use Words Correctly
Connotation and Denotation
14.c Adapting Your Language Style to Diverse Listeners
Use Language That Your Audience Can Understand
Use Appropriate Language
Use Unbiased Language
14.d Crafting Memorable Word Structures
Creating Figurative Images
Metaphors and Similes
Personification
Creating Drama
Use a Short Sentence to Express a Vitally Important Thought
Use Omission
Use Inversion
Use Suspension
Creating Cadence
Parallelism
Antithesis
Repetition
Alliteration
Quick Check: Crafting Memorable Word Structures
Analyzing an Example of Memorable Word Structure
14.e Tips For Using Language Effectively
How to Create Figurative Images, Drama, and Cadence
Chapter 15 Delivering Your Speech
15.a The Power of Speech Delivery
Listeners Expect Effective Delivery
Platform Conversation
Audience-Centered Delivery
Listeners Make Emotional Connections with You Through Delivery
Listeners Believe What They See
15.b Methods of Delivery
Manuscript Speaking
Need for Careful Crafting
Delivery Cues
Memorized Speaking
Risks
Appropriate Use
Impromptu Speaking
Essential Preparation
Guidelines for Impromptu Speaking
Quick Check: Impromptu Presentations
Extemporaneous Speaking
Quick Check: Methods of Delivery
15.c Characteristics of Effective Delivery
Eye Contact
Credibility
Priority
Inclusion
Quick Check: Benefits of Eye Contact
Gestures
Cultural Expectations
Inappropriate Gestures
Functions of Gestures
Using Gestures Effectively
Quick Check: Effective Gestures
Movement
Purpose, Not Distraction
Physical Barriers
Immediacy
Transitions
Posture
Facial Expression
Vocal Delivery
Speaking To Be Understood
Volume
Articulation
Dialect
Pronunciation
Speaking with Variety
Pitch
Rate
Pauses
Silence
Using a Microphone
Lavaliere Microphone
Boom Microphone
Stationary Microphone
Quick Check: Characteristics of Good Vocal Delivery
Personal Appearance
15.d Audience Diversity and Delivery
Avoid an Ethnocentric Mind Set
Consider Using a Less Dramatic Style for Predominantly High-Context Listeners
Consult with Other Speakers Who Have Presented to Your Audience
Monitor Your Level of Immediacy with Your Audience
Monitor Your Expression of Emotion
Know the Code
15.e Rehearsing Your Speech: Some Final Tips
How to Make the Most of Your Rehearsal Time
15.f Delivering Your Speech
15.g Adapting Your Speech Delivery for Television
Consider Toning Down Gestures
Dress for TV Success
Monitor Your Facial Expressions
Keep Your Target Audience In Mind
Keep It Short
Choose Your Words With Care And Style
Become Familiar with the Technology Before You Speak
15.h Responding to Questions
Chapter 16 Designing and Using Presentation Aids
16.a The Value of Presentation Aids
Presentation Aids Enhance Understanding
Presentation Aids Enhance Memory
Presentation Aids Help Listeners Organize Ideas
Presentation Aids Help Gain and Maintain Attention
Presentation Aids Help Illustrate a Sequence of Events or Procedures
Quick Check: The Value of Presentation Aids
16.b Types of Presentation Aids
Three-Dimensional Presentation Aids
Objects
Models
People
Two-Dimensional Presentation Aids
Drawings
Photographs
Slides
Maps
Graphs
Charts
Flipcharts
Chalkboards and Whiteboards
Overhead Transparencies
How to Use an Overhead Projector
Audiovisual Aids
Videotapes and Movies
CDs
Digital Video Disks (DVDs)
Audio Aids
Computer-Generated Aids
16.c Guidelines for Developing Presentation Aids
Allow Plenty of Time to Prepare Your Presentation Aids
Make Them Easy To See
Keep Them Simple
Group Related Elements into Visual Units
Establish A Consistent Graphic Theme
Choose A Typeface with Care
Vary Fonts and Font Sizes With Care
Choosing a Font
Choosing Font Sizes
Use Color to Create a Mood and Sustain Attention
Avoid Conflicting Colors
Design for Contrast
Use Black And White Effectively
Don’t Detract from the Message
Show Numerical Data Graphically
How to Select the Right Presentation Aids
16.d Guidelines for Using Presentation Aids
Do Not Use Dangerous or Illegal Presentation Aids
Rehearse with Your Presentation Aids
Make Eye Contact with Your Audience, Not with Your Presentation Aids
Explain Your Presentation Aids
Do Not Pass Objects Among Members of Your Audience
Use Animals with Caution
Use Handouts Effectively
Time the Use of Visuals to Control Your Audience’s Attention
Use Technology Effectively
Remember Murphy’s Law
How to Use Presentation Aids Effectively
Chapter 17 Using Presentation Software
17.a Presentation Software
17.b Using Presentation Software
Keep Sights and Sounds Simple
Repeat Visual Elements to Unify Your Presentation
Choose a Typeface With Care
Make Informed Decisions About Using Color
Allow Plenty of Time To Prepare Your Presentation Aids
How to Develop Effective PowerPoint Visuals
17.c Preparing A Presentation With PowerPoint
AutoContent Wizard
Template
Blank Presentation
Open an Existing Presentation
Saving a Presentation
Viewing a Presentation
Slide View
Outline View
Master View
Slide Sorter View
Black-and-White View
Notes Page View
Creating a Consistent Look
Slide Master
Color Schemes
Creating A Distinctive Look
Adding Text
Inserting Pictures
Inserting Charts and Graphs
Printing a Presentation
Creating Speaker Notes and Handouts
Using Special Effects
Quick Check: Be Prepared
Chapter 18 Speaking to Inform
18.a Goals of Informative Speaking
Speaking To Enhance Understanding
Speaking To Maintain Interest
Speaking To Be Remembered
Quick Check: Goals of Informative Speeches
18.b Types of Informative Speeches
Speeches About Objects
Speeches About Procedures
Speeches About People
Speeches About Events
Make the Event Come Alive
Organize for Effect
Speeches About Ideas
Quick Check: Types of Informative Speeches
18.c Strategies to Enhance Audience Understanding
Speak With Clarity
How to Enhance Message Clarity
Use Principles and Techniques Of Adult Learning
Adults Like to Be Given Information They Can Use Immediately
Adult Learners Like to Be Actively Involved in the Learning Process
Adult Learners Like to Connect Their Life Experiences with the New Information
Adult Learners Like to Know How the New Information Is Relevant to Their Needs and Busy Lives
Adult Learners Are Problem-Oriented Learners
Clarify Complex Processes
Use Effective Visual Reinforcement
How to Enhance Audience Understanding
18.d Strategies to Maintain Audience Interest
Establish a Motive for Your Audience to Listen to You
Tell a Story
Quick Check: What Makes a Good Story?
Present Information That Relates to Your Listeners
18.e Strategies to Enhance Audience Recall
Build in Redundancy
Pace Your Information Flow
Reinforce Key Ideas Verbally
Reinforce Key Ideas Nonverbally
Quick Check: What Makes a Good Story?
Quick Check: Enhance Audience Recall
Chapter 19 Understanding Principles of Persuasive Speaking
19.a Persuasion Defined
Attitudes
Beliefs
Values
19.b How Persuasion Works
19.c How to Motivate Listeners
Use Dissonance
How Listeners Cope with Dissonance
Use Listener Needs
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Social Needs
Self-Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization Needs
Use Positive Motivation
Use Negative Motivation
Quick Check: What Makes a Good Story?
Quick Check: Using Fear Appeals to Persuade
19.d How to Develop Your Persuasive Speech
Consider the Audience
Select and Narrow Your Persuasive Topic
Controversial Issues
Media and Internet Resources
Determine Your Persuasive Purpose
Develop Your Central Idea and Main Ideas
Proposition of Fact
Proposition of Value
Proposition of Policy
19.e Putting Persuasive Principles into Practice
Quick Check: What Makes a Good Story?
Quick Check: Persuasive Propositions: Developing Your Central Idea
Chapter 20 Using Persuasive Strategies
20.a Establishing Credibility
20.b Enhancing Your Credibility
Initial Credibility
Derived Credibility
Terminal Credibility
20.c Using Logic and Evidence to Persuade
Understanding Types of Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
How to Judge the Validity of a Generalization
Reasoning by Analogy
Deductive Reasoning
How to Test the Truth of an Argument
Causal Reasoning
Quick Check: Comparing Inductive, Deductive, Causal Reasoning
Persuading the Diverse Audience
Evidence
Appeals to Action
Message Structure
Persuasive Communication Style
Supporting Your Reasoning With Evidence
Facts
Examples
Hypothetical Examples
Opinions
Statistics
Avoiding Faulty Reasoning: Ethical Issues
Causal Fallacy
Bandwagon Fallacy
Either/Or Fallacy
Hasty Generalization
Ad Hominem
Red Herring
Appeal to Misplaced Authority
Non Sequitur
20.d Using Emotion to Persuade
Tips for Using Emotion to Persuade
Use Concrete Examples That Help Your Listeners Visualize What You Describe
Use Emotion-Arousing Words
Use Nonverbal Behavior to Communicate Your Emotional Response
Use Visual Images to Evoke Emotions
Use Appropriate Metaphors and Similes
Use Appropriate Fear Appeals
Consider Using Appeals to Several Emotions
Tap Audience Members’ Beliefs in Shared Myths
Using Emotional Appeals: Ethical Issues
How to Use Emotion to Persuade
20.e Strategies for Adapting Ideas to People and People to Ideas
Persuading the Receptive Audience
Identify With Your Audience
Clearly State Your Speaking Objective
Tell Your Audience Exactly What You Want Them to Do
Ask Listeners for an Immediate Show of Support
Use Emotional Appeals Effectively
Make It Easy For Your Listeners to Act
Persuading the Neutral Audience
Capture Your Listeners’ Attention Early In Your Speech
Refer To Beliefs That Many Listeners Share
Relate Your Topic Not Only To Your Listeners But Also To Their Families, Friends, And Loved Ones
Be Realistic About What You Can Accomplish
Persuading the Unreceptive Audience
Don’t Immediately Announce That You Plan To Change Their Minds
Begin Your Speech by Noting Areas of Agreement Before You Discuss Areas of Disagreement
Don’t Expect a Major Shift in Attitude from a Hostile Audience
Acknowledge the Opposing Points Of View That Members of Your Audience May Hold
Establish Your Credibility
Consider Making Understanding Rather Than Advocacy Your Goal
20.f Strategies for Organizing Persuasive Messages
Problem—Solution
Refutation
Cause and Effect
The Motivated Sequence
Quick Check: Organizational Patterns for Persuasive Messages
Chapter 21 Special-Occasion Speaking
21.a Public Speaking in the Workplace
Reports
Public-Relations Speeches
Discuss the Need or Problem
Anticipate Criticism
21.b Ceremonial Speaking
Introductions
Quick Check: Introduce a Speaker
Toasts
Award Presentations
Refer to the Occasion
Talk About the History and Significance of the Award
Name the Person
Nominations
Acceptances
How to Give an Acceptance Speech
Keynote Addresses
Commencement Addresses
Commemorative Addresses And Tributes
Eulogies
How to Deliver a Eulogy
21.c After-Dinner Speaking: Using Humor Effectively
Humorous Stories
Humorous Verbal Strategies
Plays On Words
Hyperbole
Understatement
Verbal Irony
Wit
Humorous Nonverbal Strategies
Quick Check: Strategies for Achieving Humor in After-Dinner Speeches
Appendices
A Speaking in Small Groups
Small Group Communication
Solving Problems in Groups and Teams
Participating in Small Groups
Leading Small Groups
Managing Meetings
Planning a Group Presentation
Making a Group Presentation
B The Classical Tradition of Rhetoric
The Earliest Teachers of Rhetoric
Beginning of the Greek Tradition: The Sophists
Plato
Aristotle
The Roman Tradition
Conclusion
C Suggested Speech Topics
Informative Speech Topics
Persuasive Speech Topics
D Speeches for Analysis and Discussion
I have a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Making Democracy Work: Your Responsibilty to Society by Cynthia Opheim
Van Gogh’s Incredible Life by Kristy Shaw
The Electoral College by Nathan Harrington
The Dirty Secret by Ben Johnson
Binge Drinking on College Campuses by Ali Heidarpour
Curtailing the Contemporary College Counseling Crisis by Sonja Ralston
Book review: Soup or Amish Friends Cookbook
Essentials of Comparative Politics
Author: Patrick ONeil
Essentials of Comparative Politics supplies a framework that enables students to navigate and organize the material they will encounter in the course—and to make increasingly sophisticated comparisons between actual countries. In the first chapter, Patrick O'Neil explains the basic methodologies of comparative politics, discusses current issues and debates in the field, and introduces two themes that will inform the text—the importance of institutions to all political systems and the fundamental struggle between freedom and equality.
The subsequent chapters are organized thematically, beginning with the basic concepts of politics—the state, nations and society, and political economy—and building to discussions of the challenges facing different types of political systems today. Throughout, Professor O'Neil incorporates analysis of the transformative events of recent history—among them the fall of communism, the accelerating spread of democracy, the economic growth of Asia, globalization, and responses to the attacks of September 11th 2001.
No comments:
Post a Comment